Which answer best describes network topology?

Network topology is a fundamental concept in networking that pertains to the arrangement and interconnection of various network elements. It encompasses both the physical layout, which includes the actual hardware connections and placement, as well as the logical configuration, which reflects how data flows through the network. By understanding network topology, one can gain insights into the efficiency, performance, and potential bottlenecks within the network.

The correct answer emphasizes that network topology outlines how devices, like computers and routers, are connected (physically) as well as how they communicate (logically). This understanding is crucial for network design, troubleshooting, and optimizing performance.

The other choices address different aspects of networking, which do not accurately capture the essence of what network topology entails. For instance, security protocols focus on protecting data transmission rather than network structure, while a software application for network management deals with the administration of network resources rather than the configuration itself. Similarly, a type of data transmission method pertains to how data is sent over the network rather than the network's formation or layout. Thus, the focus on both physical and logical elements of connections within choice C makes it the best definition of network topology.